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چکیده
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Araceae is a monocotyledonous plant family that includes approximately 144 genera and over 3645 species divided into numerous subfamilies. Several Araceae species have been cultivated by humans for a variety of purposes ranging from food to medicine. The current study used dried leaves and flowers of the chosen plant species that were obtained from the Kurdistan region of Iraq and the Kosalan mountain region of Iran to assess the antioxidant, antibacterial, and synergistic effects of certain Araceae. For this study, two Araceae species—Arum conophalloids L. and Eminium intortum (Bloome) schott—were selected. After drying for one to two weeks at room temperature in the shade and out of the sun, methanolic extracts of a given species were prepared. The DPPH and FRAP tests were performed to evaluate the extracts' antioxidant activity. The Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminum chloride color complex techniques were used to measure the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, respectively. The identification of chemical components and the produced metabolites was carried out using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. Additionally, a variety of antimicrobial tests, such as the agar well diffusion test, disc diffusion test, MIC, MBC, biofilm assay and synergistic effect with common antibiotics were conducted to determine their effect upon bacterial and fungal cells. The study's findings indicated that both Arum (leaf and flower) and Eminium (leaf and flower) extracts had low antioxidant capacities, Eminium intortum leaf extract had the highest antioxidant capacity belongs to the Arum species and Eminium intortum flower extracts. The assessment of antioxidant capacity using the FRAP method with Reduction inhibition percent showed that E.intortum leaf had the highest reductive power and the DPPH test results, with their IC20 values showed that Eminium intortum flower extract is more effective in inhibiting free radicals compared to other extracts. Additionally, E.intortum leaf extract exhibited the highest flavonoid content with 16.55952±6.101998 milligrams of quercetin per gram of extract. Although A.conophalloides leaf allocated the highest phenolic content to itself with 19.32927±1.24647 milligrams of gallic acid per gram of extract. The bioactive compounds found in Arum conophalloides leaf extract were identified by GC-MS analysis. These included cadin-3,5-diene (a sesquiterpenoids), Vitamin A, 6-Aza-5,7,12,14-tetrathiapentacene (alkaloids) and (steroids, monoterpenoids) Cyclopentane, 1,2-dimethyl-3-(1-methylethenyl). Other bioactive compounds found in Eminium intortum leaf included 2,6,10-TRIMETHYL,14-ETHYLENE-14-PENTADECNE (terpenoids), Phthalic acid esters (dialkyl), 4,7-Diphenyl-9-dimethylamino-5H-dibenzo[c,e]azepin (Benzazepines), and 3-METHYL-5-DIPHENYLDIHYDRAFURAN (Fatty Acids).Additionally, Antimicrobial tests indicated that Eminium intortum flower extract had greatest inhibitory effects on the candida albicans with low concentration of extract but does not show any inhibitory effect on the tested bacteria with the same concentration, while at higher concentration 100mg/ml the extracts have a few effects on Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was approximately ineffective, among the studied bacteria, all extracts showed the higher ability to inhibit bacteria growth against Bacillus subtilis and they are don’t have any inhibitory effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa even at higher concentration. The MIC and MBC test performed for all extracts against Bacillus subtilis and candida albicans, only Arum conophaloids leaf extract make inhibition at 50mg/ml two-fold decrease on Bacillus subtilis.As well as the checkerboard test was showed that the effectiveness of various extracts in augmenting the potency of the commonly employed antibiotics, penicillin and Amphotericin B, against Bacillus cereus and Candida albicans. Following a 24-hour period, noteworthy enhancements were observed in the efficacy of both antibiotics for the specified microorganisms. biofilm formation assay tests were performed for extracts do not show antimicrobial activity, it produces a false positive inhibition in studies microbes due to the presence of small extract particles.
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