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چکیده
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Gastric cancer is one of the most common and lethal malignancies worldwide. This study aimed to isolate and characterize ginger-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (GELNs) and evaluate their effects on the viability and expression of proliferation- and metastasis-related genes in AGS gastric cancer cells. Ginger-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (GELNs) were isolated using polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation. The nanoparticles were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and zeta potential analysis. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) was determined. Subsequently, AGS cells were treated with sub-cytotoxic concentrations (1, 2, and 3 µg/mL) of GELNs for 48 hours. The expression levels of proliferation-related genes (Cyclin D1 and Ki-67) and metastasis-related genes (MMP-2, MMP-9, and Vimentin) were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) using the 2⁻ΔΔCt method. Characterization results confirmed that GELNs were spherical with a Z-average size of 109.1 nm and a zeta potential of −34 mV, indicating good stability. The IC₅₀ value on AGS cells was determined to be 3.52 µg/mL. Gene expression analysis revealed that GELNs significantly downregulated Ki-67 expression at all tested concentrations (p < 0.0001). Among metastasis-related genes, MMP-2 was significantly reduced at 2 and 3 µg/mL, MMP-9 and Vimentin were significantly downregulated at 3 µg/mL (p < 0.01). However, Cyclin D1 expression showed no significant change. These findings demonstrate that ginger-derived exosome-like nanoparticles exert antiproliferative and anti-metastatic effects on AGS gastric cancer cells through selective downregulation of key genes involved in proliferation and metastasis. GELNs show promise as a potential natural therapeutic agent in gastric cancer research.
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