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چکیده
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Crop management practices such as seeding rate and foliar application can greatly influence rainfed wheat yield and quality. Study objectives included assessing the effect of seeding rate and foliar application on rainfed wheat. Two field experiments with four seeding rates (80, 110, 140, and 170 kg ha−1) and six foliar applications [control, urea (4%), vitaspirin (0.1%), silicon (4 mM), FeSO4.7H2O (0.6%), and ZnSO4.7H2O (0.4%)] were conducted during the 2021–2023 growing seasons. With an increased seeding rate, the relative water content, carotenoid, membrane stability index, grain Zn, Fe, and protein contents decreased. In contrast, it increased proline, glycine betaine concentrations, biological yield, and grain yield. The interaction between seeding rate and foliar application found that foliar application increased proline and glycine betaine concentration, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity, and chlorophyll content, whereas it decreased malondialdehyde concentration. During both growing seasons, there was no significant difference between 140 and 180 kg ha−1 seeding rates in grain yield. The highest grain yield was recorded in ZnSO4 and silicon foliar application at 170 (2331.7 and 2275.6 kg ha−1) and 140 kg ha−1 (2279.8 and 2242.0 kg ha−1) rates. Increasing the seeding rate from 80 to 170 kg ha−1 reduces grain quality. Foliar application, especially ZnSO4 and silicon at the final stage as a crop management practice could lead to increased water shortage resistance, grain yield, and biofortification of rainfed wheat. It can be concluded from the experiment that the optimal combination of seeding rate and foliar application was foliar application of ZnSO4 and silicon at 140 kg ha−1 seeding rate.
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