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چکیده
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This work explores how the square-octagon lattice (SOL) behaves from electronic, magnetic, thermoelectric, and thermodynamic perspectives. To carry out this investigation, we rely on the Hubbard model combined with the Green’s function approach. The effects of varying second-nearest-neighbor (NN) hopping energy (t2), magnetic field, and on-site Coulomb interaction (OSCI) are systematically explored. By tuning these parameters, we analyze the band structure, density of states (DOS), magnetic susceptibility, electronic heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and Seebeck coefficient (SC). Results show that increasing t2 reduces the band gap, driving a shift in electronic character from a semiconducting phase to a metallic state. The magnetic field causes energy level splitting and modifies magnetic phases, while the OSCI enhances electron correlation. The heat capacity increases due to electron excitation, while at higher temperatures it decreases, consistent with electronic saturation effects. Magnetic susceptibility reveals transition from paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic behavior with increasing OSCI. Thermal conductivity exhibits a peak at intermediate temperatures, reflecting a balance between carrier excitation and scattering. Additionally, the SC reveals n-type to p-type transitions depending on the Tuning lattice parameters and external fields, enabling control over the physical properties of 2D systems, guiding the design of materials with improved thermoelectric and magnetic performance.
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