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چکیده
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The escalating demand for cleaner energy has intensified the search for efficient methods to remove organosulfur compounds from fossil fuels, as part of global efforts toward sustainable energy solutions. In this study, we developed a novel heterogeneous nanocomposite catalyst comprising sandwich-type polyoxometalates (POMs), magnetic MgFe2O4 nanoparticles, and biopolymeric chitosan for visible-light-driven photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization (PODS). The integration of inorganic POMs and MgFe2O4 with the organic biopolymer matrix not only improves catalytic site dispersion but also offers enhanced magnetic recoverability, structural integrity, and environmental compatibility. The nanocomposite was thoroughly characterized using UV–vis, XRD, FT-IR, SEM, EDX, BET, VSM analysis. The catalyst demonstrated outstanding oxidative desulfurization performance for model sulfur compounds, achieving removal efficiencies of up to 98 % for benzothiophene (BT) and 93 % for diben- zothiophene (DBT) under mild conditions using H2O2 as oxidant and visible light as the energy source. Process variables were optimized using Central Composite Design (CCD), which provided insight into key interactions and enabled fine-tuning of operational parameters for maximum efficiency. Moreover, the catalyst retained high activity and structural stability over multiple reaction cycles, highlighting its excellent reusability and robust- ness. This study introduces a promising inorganic–organic hybrid catalytic platform for green desulfurization technologies and supports the advancement of cleaner fuel production through the application of sustainable photocatalytic materials.
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