|
چکیده
|
Challenging in the environmental and health monitoring has led to the development of the modern analytical systems, including chromatography, spectroscopy, and electroanalysis. Even though chromatography is a general method for analysis of organic species and spectroscopy is most general technique in monitoring of different species, these methods are sometimes complicated and time-consuming. Efforts have been increased toward the replacement of costly device and complicated procedures by invention of portable devices, even specifically for each analytes. Therefore, in recent years, biosensors have showed the incredible potential to replace the most complex procedures. Hence, considerable attentions have focused on small and portable chemical and physical sensors. A chemical sensor as a part of an instrumentation system typically determines the concentration of a chemical substance, such as heavy metals, toxic gas, or biological substances. A physical sensor is a device that quantitatively measures a physical parameter, for example, temperature, pressure, or displacement. In this chapter, we presented a little introduction to sensors and popular enzymes. Both of them usually transform the other forms of energy into electrical form. However, we focus on the electrochemical enzymatic biosensors as a subdivision of electrochemical sensors. The most popular types of biosensors for monitoring of human diagnosis, food quality, and environmental pollutant, such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol, and so on, are also described. The recent studies toward enzyme immobilization are presented. Besides, the enzymes mimetic as candidates for replacing the natural enzymes, which have a low cost with higher stability, are briefly introduced.
|