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چکیده
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Airborne dust particles, originating from both natural and anthropogenic sources, pose significant risks to public health, environmental quality, and climate. Erbil, Iraq, has experienced increasing dust-related pollution due to rapid urbanization and climatic factors. This study investigates the physical and chemical characteristics of dust fall particles in Erbil to assess their environmental and health implications. The research was conducted in Erbil over six months, from June to November, focusing on particulate matter deposited from the air. Dust samples were collected from three strategically chosen locations using standardized passive sampling methods. The study targeted settleable dust particles larger than 10 µm, which were collected weekly using dust fall jars. The collected samples underwent gravimetric and chemical analysis to measure concentrations of soluble and insoluble trace elements including Na, Ca, K, Mg, Fe and Mn. The study adhered to ASTM D1739 standards to ensure comparability with international environmental guidelines. The analysis revealed significant variations in dust deposition throughout the study period. Sodium concentrations peaked at 18.73 mg/g in mid-August at Station 2, while potassium reached its highest level of 6.10 mg/g on the same date. Calcium, a major crustal element, exhibited values ranging from 188 mg/g to 330 mg/g, with the peak observed at Station 2 in early July. Magnesium concentrations ranged from 29 mg/g to 42 mg/g, with the highest observed in late July at Station 2. Iron concentrations peaked at 45 mg/g at Station 1 in late July, and manganese levels fluctuated between 0.38 mg/g and 1.6 mg/g, with the highest value recorded at Station 2 in late July. Sedimentation rates also exhibited seasonal trends, with a peak of 4.75 g/m² at Station 2 in late August. The Igeo results revealed low to moderate contamination from alkaline-earth elements, indicating natural sources. However, heavy metals like iron, manganese, lead, and cadmium showed moderate to severe contamination, particularly in industrial and high-traffic areas, highlighting significant anthropogenic impacts. This emphasizes the need for targeted pollution control strategies in Erbil. These findings indicate both natural and anthropogenic sources of dust particles affecting air quality in Erbil. The research provides critical data on dust fall in Erbil, offering insight into the sources and distribution patterns of dust particles. The presence of hazardous trace elements and the role of external dust sources necessitate urgent measures to mitigate pollution. This study is vital for local air quality management and public health interventions in Erbil.
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