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چکیده
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In this paper, a new bi-level framework is presented for operational scheduling of a smart distribution company (SDISCO) with electric vehicle (EV) parking lot (PL) and renewable energy sources (RES), i.e., wind and pho- tovoltaic (PV) units. In the proposed bi-level model, maximization of the profit of SDISCO is obtained in the upper-level (leader) problem by minimizing the cost of power purchased from the wholesale market due to the EV PL unique capability, i.e., PL-to-grid. The lower-level (follower) problem aims to maximize the profit of the PL owner. This model is converted to a non-linear single-level problem by using Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions. Fortuny-Amat and McCarl method is used for linearization based on auxiliary binary variables and sufficiently large constants. Moreover, uncertainties such as duration of the presence of EVs in PL, the initial state of the charge (SOC) of EVs and output power generation of wind and PV units are simultaneously con- sidered through a set of scenarios. The SDISCO’s profit is investigated in four modes: (1) without RES and with the controlled charging of EVs; (2) without RES and with smart charging/discharging of EVs; (3) with RES and with the controlled charging of EVs; (4) with RES and with smart charging/discharging of EVs. In all these modes, a price-based demand response (DR) program is considered, as well as incentive-based DR, and combined price-based DR and incentive-based DR. The presented model is tested on the IEEE 15-bus distribution system over a 24-h period. The results show that SDISCO gains more profit by using a suitable charging/discharging schedule and employing a critical peak pricing (CPP) program. Furthermore, by comparing this bi-level model with the centralized model, the effectiveness of the bi-level model is demonstrated. Also, sensitivity analyses on the number of EVs, size of RES and the percentage of customer participation in the DR program are evaluated on the optimal operation of the
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