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چکیده
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The Caspian mountain forests have a unique richness of biological diversity and contain relicts of the arcto-tertiary and indo-malesian flora. In Iran, since 1962 grazing by domestic animals is forbidden in forests. However, due to high dependence of forest inhabitants on natural resources, still about 1500,000 cows graze in the Caspian forests. The traditional animal husbandry (T.A.H.) consists of a seasonal transhumance movement through these forests from the Caspian seashores to the high mountainous grasslands of Elburz. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the animal husbandries on plant composition and establishment of invasive species in different oriental beech communities. … Traditional animal husbandries lead to the introduction of new species to the investigated forests. These species could be mainly classified as: ruderal, apophyte and invasive plant species. Animal husbandries are like islands (with different plant composition) surrounded by beech forests, therefore they can be an important center for propagule dispersal. On the contrary cattle grazing is important both for maintaining forest dwellers livelihood and biodiversity.
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