The Ce-Co co-doped PbTiO3 (Ce-Co-PTO) has been prepared through a facile hydrothermal method. The as-prepared Ce-Co-PTO perovskite has a wide light absorption area in comparison to pure PTO and indicates highly impressive photocatalytic performance and only takes 10 min to complete the conversion of RhB dye under UV light irradiation. The high photocatalytic efficiency of Ce-Co-PTO perovskite is attributed to a strong electronic interaction among Ce, Co, and PTO, which is promoted the separation and transfer of charge carriers. To achieve the optimized conditions for the conversion of RhB, the influence of catalyst amount, pH, electron acceptor, and temperature were studied. Additionally, the postulated photocatalytic mechanism and stability tests of Ce-Co-PTO perovskite are discussed in detail. The Ce-Co-PTO perovskite has conceivable applications in the treatment of dye contaminants under a renewable light source.