This study investigates urban growth and environmental changes in Sanandaj from 2000 to 2023, using a comprehensive approach that combines various remote sensing technologies. By employing the Maximum Likelihood Classification method on biennial Landsat imagery, we identified and analyzed changes in urban areas, vegetation cover, and barren area. The classification was consistent across all years, utilizing images captured in the seventh month to maintain uniformity in environmental conditions. Our methodology included the analysis of Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 imagery to monitor urban expansion over three distinct temporal intervals: 2000-2007, 2009-2015, and 2017-2023. Additionally, we utilized MODIS and ASTER data for a detailed assessment of land surface temperature (LST) variations, comparing daytime and nighttime temperatures to capture the urban heat island effect. The temperature analysis revealed a consistent warming trend, with ASTER recording higher maximum temperatures than Landsat and MODIS. The integration of day and night imagery highlighted the persistent urban heat island effect, with urban areas retaining more heat compared to rural regions. CHIRPS satellite data was used to evaluate precipitation patterns, providing a comprehensive environmental context. The analysis of precipitation levels from 2000 to 2023 showed notable fluctuations, with the highest annual precipitation recorded in 2018 at 707.972 millimeters and the lowest in 2021 at 282.512 millimeters. This variability underscores the importance of continuous monitoring for understanding long-term climate trends. Results indicated a steady increase in urban areas, with the city expanding from 1434.64 hectares in 2000 to 3070.04 hectares in 2023. Vegetation cover and barren area areas showed fluctuations, with significant implications for natural habitats and biodiversity. The study ultimately aimed to determine if urban growth impacts temperature and precipitation. The findings suggest a correlation between increased urbanization and higher temperatures, but further research is needed to conclusively link urban growth to changes in precipitation patterns. This innovative approach provides valuable insights for urban planners and policymakers to manage and guide sustainable urban development.
