Species of Botryosphaeriaceae are cosmopolitan and known to cause canker diseases on a wide range of woody host plants. Based on multiple gene genealogy studies 17 genera have been characterized including Botryosphaeria and Neofusicoccum. These two genera are morphologically similar. The main differentiating feature is that Neofusicoccum species have a Dichomera synanamorph, which is not found in Botryosphaeria species. However, a Dichomera state is not always produced by all Neofusicoccum species, or all isolates of a species and some B. dothidea isolates occasionally form a Dichomera-like state. Nevertheless, the two genera are easily separated phylogenetically. Recently, phylogenetic and morphological studies resulted in the description of six new species in the Botryosphaeriaceae from Iran namely; Barriopsis iraniana, Phaeobotryon cupressi and four new species of Lasiodiplodia; L. citricola, L. gilanensis, L. hormozganensis and L. iraniensis. In this study 124 isolates morphologically resembling Botryosphaeria or Neofusicoccum were collected from Mangifera indica, Citrus sp. and an unknown woody plant from Iran. Based on morphology, ISSR fingerprinting profile and phylogenetic analysis of ITS and EF1-α sequence data four species were identified. Of these, Botryosphaeria dothidea and Neofusicoccum parvum are known while Botryosphaeria sp. and Neofusicoccum sp. are new taxa for science and will be described and published formally.
