Since Clark and Lyons first proposed glucose biosensor in 1962, intense efforts focused on the development of various biosensors and reliable biodevices. As in many different technological sections, nanomaterials have demonstrated their appropriateness for sensing, biosensing, and biomedical devices applications. In order to increase sensitivities and to lower detection limits down to even individual molecules, nanomaterials are promising candidates due to the possibility to immobilize an enhanced quantity of bioreceptor units at reduced volumes and even to act itself as transduction element. In beginning 2004, we began the fabrication of novel glucose biosensor, using CNTs for improving of electron transfer and sol-gel as matrix for holding of GOx enzyme, then we continued to work on direct electron transfer involving heme enzymes in nanomaterials films. These bioelectrochemistry efforts eventually led to applications to analysis of important biomolecules. In the first section of this lecture, the application of novel nanomaterials such as metal, metal oxides, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, silicon, and graphene for design of sensors, biosensors, immunosensors and aptasensors will be surveyed and the effect of light irradiation on improving of signal response will also be evaluated.
