Background and Aim: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in inter-cellular communication and carry various regulatory molecules, physiology and pathological conditions of reproduction. Methods: EVs in the oviduct, uterine and follicular fluids are considered as vehicles to regulate follicular development, oocyte maturation, embryo implantation and pregnancy. EVs also play an important role in female reproductive pathologies, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, and pregnancy complications. Results: In fact, these vesicles carry different molecules that make the diagnosis of various diseases, including reproduction, without the need for biopsy. Moreover, a notable advantage of exosomes is that have higher amounts of materials for further analyses. Today, EVs might serve as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in PCOS, endometriosis, ovarian and endometrial cancers. However, these current findings are still quite exploratory and need to be validated in clinical trials with standard protocols prior to their routine use in the clinic because of the different methods for extracting extracellular vesicles. Today, several kits have been commercialized for better and easier separation, including ExoQuick. Conclusion: From this study, EVs may be used as biomarker to improve the early diagnosis and treatment of related diseases.
