The maintenance of bridges significantly impacts overall life-cycle costs, often matching construction costs over time. Rehabilitation projects not only incur direct costs but also pose challenges such as traffic disruptions and environmental impacts, especially when temporary structures are required to maintain road capacities. To enhance sustainability, incorporating user and environmental costs into bridge maintenance decision-making is critical. This study presents a novel integrated methodology utilizing Discrete Event Simulations (DES) to accurately estimate these costs. By evaluating both user and environmental impacts, this approach enables the development of optimized, sustainable maintenance strategies across a bridge’s life cycle. A case study illustrates the application of this model, demonstrating its effectiveness in integrating user and environmental costs into life-cycle cost analyses, ultimately leading to more efficient intervention planning.
