The Karaftu Cave is located in the 67 km of northwest of Divandareh city, Kurdistan province. This cave is formed in limestone of Oligo-Miocene Qum Formation. The cave floor, in some places on the second floor, is covered by guano deposits, bat droppings and animals' cave dwellers. Fresh guano decays through bacterial and fungal respiration can release organic and inorganic acids. Interactions between these acidic solutions with guano deposits were caused to leaching, dissolution, and changing abundance of trace elements. During this process some secondary minerals such as taranakite, francoanellite, spheniscidite, whiteolockite, pyrocoproite, brushite, leucophosphite, urea, niter, cesanite and gypsum were produced in the guano. The existence of these various minerals and fluctuations in abundance of trace elements are mainly dependent on dry and wet conditions. Distributions and abundance of trace elements in terrigenous particles of Karaftu Cave guano deposits indicate three different paleoclimate conditions (inclusive dry, humid, and dry terms, during accumulation of bat guano), a continental island arc provenance and the upper continental crust source rock.
