Land use change has serious effects on ecosystem services followed by environmental degradation, reduced economic growth, and social welfare. This study aimed to quantify soil erosion, water yield, nitrogen export, and phosphorus export as well as to evaluate spatial–temporal impacts of land use change on the ecosystem services in the Taluk watershed, southwestern Iran. Accordingly, the ecosystem services were quantified using the InVEST tool in 1990 and 2020. Then, the spatial relationships were assessed using the geographically weighted regression (GWR) in the Arc GIS 10.5. The findings exhibited that soil erosion, water yield, nitrogen export, and phosphorus export were estimated 10.7 (t ha−1), 543 (m3 ha−1), 1.03 (kg ha−1), and 0.1 (kg ha−1) in 1990, respectively, while they were calculated 15.6 (t ha−1), 577 (m3 ha−1), 1.3 (kg ha−1), and 0.11 (kg ha−1) in 2020, respectively. The highest and the lowest changes in soil erosion, water yield, and phosphorus export were observed in construction and forest, respectively, whereas the changes in phosphorus export were negligible during 1990–2020. Based on the GWR, stronger relationships were obtained between the ecosystem services and land-use change in the northern part of the watershed (p-value < 0.05, 0.50 < R2 < 0.99), whereas their relationships were weaker in the southern parts (p-value > 0.05, R2 < 0.50). Moreover, the relationships between land-use changes and ecosystem services at the watershed scale were significant and varied spatially (p-value < 0.05, 0.76 < R2 < 0.82). It is concluded that temporal and spatial changes in land uses can lead to different effects on ecosystem services in the Taluk watershed.
