This article reviews recent advances and developments in the field of bioaffinity electrochemical sensors with emphasis on a subclass including immunosensors, aptasensors, genosensors and molecularly imprinted sensosr. Recent insights into novel fabrication methodologies and electrochemical techniques have resulted in the demonstration of biosensors able to detection of wide range of target analyte. It has been shown that due to their high specificity and sensitivity, they represent a great tool in practical applications. Furthermore, at last couple decades nanotechnology has become very popular in the sensor fields due to the high capacity of nanomaterials to immobilize of bioaffinity agents and also their inhibiting effects on denaturation of enzymes and other bioaffinity systems, which they could well have beneficial effects for the performance of these sensors. The main focus of this review is to discuss methods for immobilizing bioreceptors onto a solid support, introduction of nanomaterials for improve sensitivity of biosensor and various electrochemical sensing platforms. The use of biosensor in these applications is most appropriate, because the analysis of trace substances in medical and healthcare applications, environmental science, and food industries is so important. In addition, recent advances in nanomaterial-mediated bioaffinity sensors used for onset biosensing, pointof- care testing and healthcare management are also highlighted.
